The Viking threat forced the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms to respond, but their initial reaction was disorganized and ineffective. Northumbria, weakened by internal divisions and previous conflicts, fell quickly. The kingdom of Mercia, under King Burgred, made a stand but was also unable to stop the Viking advance. The kingdom of Wessex, however, led by King Ælla and his successor, King Alfred the Great, would become the focal point of resistance in the coming years.

The initial response to the Vikings was largely one of appeasement and negotiations. In some cases, the Anglo-Saxon kings paid the Vikings large sums of money (known as "Danegeld") to leave their territories in peace. However, these payments were often seen as ineffective, and the Vikings continued their conquest. By the late 860s, the Vikings had established a strong foothold in the north and east of England, including the important city of York, which became a major Viking stronghold.

The Role of Ivar the Boneless

Ivar the Boneless, one of the most famous Viking leaders, played a critical role in the success of the Great Heathen Army. Ivar's strategic mind, ruthless tactics, and fierce determination made him one of the most feared figures of the Viking Age. His nickname, "Boneless," is believed to refer to a physical condition, though the exact nature of his disability remains debated among historians. Despite his condition, Ivar proved himself as a formidable leader and military strategist.

One of Ivar's most notable achievements was his role in the capture of York in 866. According to historical sources, Ivar had a personal vendetta against King Ælla of Northumbria, who was said to have executed his father, Ragnar Lothbrok, by throwing him into a pit of snakes. This revenge motivated Ivar's brutal tactics during the siege of York, where he captured the city and subsequently took the life of King Ælla in a gruesome manner—by executing him in accordance with the blood eagle ritual, a form of Viking execution.

Ivar’s leadership and his ability to unite the various Viking factions under his banner were critical to the success of the invasion. His military acumen and ruthless determination allowed the Great Heathen Army to maintain momentum in their campaign, despite the resistance from the Anglo-Saxons. shutdown123